◆ CIRCUITS & CHIPS, DECODED FOR THE AI ERA 10 FREE CALCULATORS NO LOGIN · NO ADS · NO TRACKING BUILT FOR EE STUDENTS WORLDWIDE v0.1 LIVE
◆ CIRCUITS & CHIPS, DECODED FOR THE AI ERA 10 FREE CALCULATORS NO LOGIN · NO ADS · NO TRACKING BUILT FOR EE STUDENTS WORLDWIDE v0.1 LIVE
Vin 12V R1 = 4.7kΩ Vout 3.21 V R2 = 1.7kΩ

The voltage divider formula

Vout = Vin · R2 / (R1 + R2). The output voltage is a fraction of the input, determined by the ratio of R2 to the total resistance.

Watch out for loading effects. The formula assumes nothing is drawing current from Vout. If you connect a load with resistance comparable to R2, it shunts current to ground and Vout drops below the calculated value. As a rule: load resistance should be at least 10× R2.

For dividers driving a high-impedance input (like an ADC or op-amp), this rule is easy to satisfy. For dividers driving anything that draws real current, use a buffer (op-amp follower) instead.